![]() Within the FEW2 nexus, wastes may be further processed to produce a combination of valuable products and energy resources including heat, electricity and gas. The waste streams are viewed as unwanted hitches by waste generators, but also rich organic feedstocks for waste processors. With rapid urbanisation and population growth, the number is projected to reach 3.40 billion tonnes per year by the middle of this century. In 2016, the World Bank estimated 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated in the city, much of which is discarded food waste. Approximately 330 km 3 per year of municipal wastewater is generated globally, a significant amount of which is food waste from dairy processing and beverage manufacturing. Animal’s manure is another example of waste generation from food production, amounting to approximately 2 billion ton per year in the United State, which is about 300 times to the human faeces generated in American. In the United State, the annual abattoir waste generation is about 1.4 billion tonnes. About 60% of a slaughtered animal mass cannot be converted to edible flesh and becomes abattoir waste. Besides post-consumer food waste, enormous organic waste is also generated from food production processes. Wasting food means wasting water and energy, since producing, processing and consuming of food contribute to about 70% of global water withdrawn and 30% global energy consumed. The outcome of this analysis can then form the foundation of regional planning involving relevant stakeholders, with the modelling tools supporting scenario evaluation and collaborative learning to reach consensus in view of different performance indicators including financial and environmental metrics.Īccording to the Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations in 2011, it is estimated that about 1.3 billion tonnes of global food is wasted or lost, which accounts for approximately one third of total food production. The results signal the benefits of biogas and syngas generation from anaerobic digestion and gasification for waste-to-energy pathway, alongside findings in water and energy sectors. A full set of scenarios, including business-as-usual (BAU), water and wastewater, power plant decommission, waste-to-energy and policy intervention, is created to present FEW2 nexus from the perspective of individual nodes and the whole system. ![]() A case study of Hunter Region, the largest region in Australia, is presented in this study, featuring the supply and demand context of developed countries. A rich array of technology options, including water production facilities, clean energy technologies and waste-to-energy conversions are evaluated to meet the demand of water and energy (mainly gas and electricity), and the treatment requirement of waste and wastewater. This paper presents the applicability of resilience.io platform across water, energy and waste sectors (including food and agricultural waste) with focus on waste-to-energy pathway, aiming to establish the optimal FEW2 nexus based on economic and environmental indicators. It is critical for reliable infrastructure planning to address the Food-Energy-Water-Waste (FEW2) nexus at system level.
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